Why Auto Racing Is Popular

Why Auto Racing is Popular

If you are a huge fan of auto racing then possibilities are that you have got had your share of auto races in the past further. Even therefore, several young adults throughout America and the globe continue to have interaction in the favorite pastime of auto racing every day simply as a result of it brings a rush like no alternative event in their lives. This is one amongst the key reasons for partaking in auto racing, however there are another important reasons that several individuals continue to auto race at native and national events throughout the United States, although these events could not be close to as huge because the famous NASCAR event that is held each year on the lookout for a new top dog. Nevertheless, though, here are some reasons why auto racing has been terribly widespread in recent years and will continue to be widespread.

Young Individuals Will Break the Law!

While young adults are not the only individuals who certainly compete in auto racing throughout the country, they are doing comprise a large majority of the people who are fascinated with the game for some reason or another. Furthermore, while auto racing is legal in most states when it's done in a very legal space, many young adults feel as though they are truly breaking the law by going well over the speed limits. For example, auto racing events that are held in parking lots encourage the drivers of the automobiles to travel close to one hundred miles per hour. Doing any sort of speed limit over thirty miles per hour can aim to grant anyone an adrenaline rush during a parking ton, but a hundred miles per hour is taken into account to be fascinating with a variety of individuals when auto racing.

Provides an Outlet

Perhaps one more reason why young adults and other are therefore enthralled with auto racing events that happen in their cities and cities all year long is that it provides an outlet from one thing in one manner or another. For example, the young adult who is swamped with raising a family or obtaining through school will naturally need an outlet therefore that they can channel a number of the emotions that they are feeling into the auto racing.

Area for Improvement

There is always more space for improvement when it involves auto racing, and maybe another reason why therefore several people love the events is as a result of they will try to find all they will to modify their vehicles and engines therefore that they'll be in a position to win the auto race the next time around. Auto racing is great for improving auto racing skills and it provides determination to those who are concerned with it.

All in all, auto racing is a terribly necessary sport and hobby to those that like to race. Auto racing is done by a full selection of people over all ages and gender. The truth of the matter is, though, is that auto racing is downright popular and is sensible for many folks to get concerned!

Professional Auto Racing Safety

Professional Auto Racing Safety

If you have got ever wished to grasp how the auto racing professionals can withstand such high speeds in their vehicles then there is lots of data that can tell you how the seat belts and restraint systems are founded. On the opposite hand, if you have got never even considered how auto racing individuals will be able to sustain speeds of well over two hundred miles per hour then the simplest thing to do would be to attend one in all the national auto racing events just to work out how they take place! In the end, though, skilled auto racers are partly responsible for his or her own safety within the approach that they handle the cars that they're driving. On the flip aspect, though, there must be some nice restraint system in the automobile with them. Here is how half of the system works to keep the driving force safe throughout an auto racing event:

Seat Belts

The 1st factor that one should notice concerning the protection belts that are used during an auto racing event is that they are very safe to accommodate and there is nothing else like them! The main purpose of the protection belt during an auto racing event is the defend the driver, as is obvious, but the security belt could be a very little totally different than any other traditional passenger automobile available. For example, in a very normal passenger car the seat belt is designed to have little impact on the driving force during a crash, but instead restrain the driving force thus that she can not be injured. On the flip facet, auto racing seat belts are the precise opposite. In conjunction with the car's seat, the seat belt of an auto racing automobile is designed to truly hold the driver down within the event of the crash and slow the motive force down furthermore. This is most beneficial for an automobile designed for the auto racing industry considering the fact that there are many crashes that take place throughout the year.

The Five-Point Harness

Another part of the restraint system lies within the successful use of the 5-point restraint harness. This is also perhaps the most vital feature that has got to be together with with auto racing cars. In previous years, three-point harnesses were employed in a lot of common restraint systems, however the NASCAR events that occur typically have the 5-point harness so that the drive is secure, cosy, and has no chance of flying through the windshield in the case of an auto racing accident.

Window Nets and Roof Nets

The window nets that are employed in auto racing vehicles are designed to control the motive force of the car throughout a crash. The window nets are just like they sound as a result of they are created from nylon and they are designed literally to be like webs and nets that re-evaluate the windows. In the event of an auto racing crash there is little control by the motive force, which is the main reason for this sort of safety live.

All of these things are designed to assist the drivers of auto racing events shield themselves during a crash. As we all understand, crashes during an auto racing event are all too common, particularly at the high speeds that the drivers are allowed to go. However to say that the security measures are ineffective is just plain wrong because they do finish up saving many lives in the tip!

Auto Racing Safety

Auto Racing Safety

Whenever there's an auto racing event then there is most likely perpetually going to be issues of safety along the manner. Even though auto racing cars generally have excellent restraint systems that will forestall auto racers from getting blown out of their car at nearly 200 miles per hour, there still needs to be safety accessories that an auto racer has with them and on them at all times. Whether you are a devotee of the professional auto racing events, though, or are simply starting out performing at auto races across the United States unprofessionally, safety may be a major issue that one should concern his or herself with. Simply as there's safety equipment that is typically used in any alternative sport like basketball or soccer, auto racing has its own kinds of safety measures that go higher than and beyond what any other sport would take into account.

There are masses of those auto racing stores throughout the country that carry all sorts of safety equipment for the auto racing professional or amateur. If you are one of those folks who love to race their cars then chances are that you've already been to an auto racing store that sells safety equipment. Nevertheless, here are a number of the necessities that an auto racer should have with them when racing:

Specialty Helmets

Believe it or not, there are actually specialty helmets which will be purchased simply for the sake of auto racing. The helmets that are typically used throughout the auto racing events are lightweight helmets that match over all elements of your head, and sometimes even extend a little bit behind the neck. Within this specialty helmet are cheek pads, which cushion your cheek from the turbulence that comes from racing at dangerous speeds.

Racing Suits

Another one among the auto racing safety equipment that one ought to be sporting is racing suits. There are actually racing suits that are specifically designed for auto races and those that are involved with NASCAR and alternative major races throughout the country. These racing suits are not only created of light-weight material, however they also typically have an enclosed knit within so that the racer can be heat and protected. The outside of the auto racing suits are sometimes satin, however it simply depends on the complete that's purchased whether or not or not it will contain everything listed here. The reality is, though, that auto racing suits are designed to stand up to pressure and every one the famous auto racing people do wear them.

Alternative Accessories

Gloves and boots are the other varieties of auto racing accessories that will be needed if you propose to pursue the adventure of racing your automobile. The specialty types of glove and boots that are needed can not only facilitate stand up to the pressure of being within a racecar, however they additionally facilitate the comfort of the racing individual further.

All in all, there is lots to think about when starting on your journey of auto racing. Safety is pretty much continuously a difficulty when it comes to any major professional sport and auto racing isn't any different!

Your Introduction To Auto Racing

Your Introduction To Auto Racing

Thus what is all the hype about auto racing these days? Indeed, there are legion individuals who get excited and an adrenaline rush from watching auto races on tv and from the seats within the bleachers, however why is there all the joy? As expected the people who aren't thrilled regarding auto racing one bit will not perceive the enjoyment that a lot of folks feel when they've simply seen their favorite auto racer win the race or sadness that others feel when their drivers crash spontaneously into the wall. There are several completely different sides, though, regarding auto racing that are simply exciting to many people around the world. Whether you want to believe it or not, auto racing positively is a sport that millions love, and here are a few reasons why you should even have an interest:

National Events

Whether you like it or not, there are plenty of national events that embody auto racing events and NASCAR endorsements. Even though NASCAR's auto racing events are the largest racing events throughout the United States, there are literally lots of smaller teams that have the identical kind of fierce competition that NASCAR does. Some of the national auto racing events that happen embrace the Daytona five hundred, Indy five hundred, in addition to alternative smaller NASCAR competitions throughout various states that all have huge rewards hooked up to them. For instance, the winner of the Daytona 500 wins the Harley J. Earl trophy, and auto racers have been winning this trophy since 1959.

Auto Racing Memorabilia

There are also masses of auto racing memorabilia that goes around attracting huge crowds of auto racing fans. For example, Jeff Gordon, Dale Earnhardt, and Dale Earnhardt Junior are simply 3 of the more well-liked auto racing people who have had their names plastered all over auto racing memorabilia, such as books, t-shirts, pens, autographs, furthermore lots of different smaller items that have their name on them. People  the globe, in fact, get excited that they will be ready to get their hands on a chunk of Jeff Gordon's auto racing things.

How Auto Racing Got Started

You could just be wondering how all the events of auto racing got started. Even though there's no precise date when auto racing began, though, the events of NASCAR started to require an upswing during the Seventies decade within the United States. Ever since the first NASCAR event was televised, there have been varied occasions where other auto racing events have conjointly been televised. Nevertheless, though, the NASCAR events are those to gather the foremost attention from the media. There is virtually forever dozens, if not hundreds, of camera crew at many of the four major restrictor NASCAR events, like at the Daytona 500.

If you ever wish get started with auto racing then you need to take part in one amongst the largest events of the United States that take place every and every year. Furthermore, attending an auto racing event has become a lot of sort of a rite of passage than something else with fathers taking their sons to NASCAR events throughout the year and families camping out to observe auto racing events! All in all, auto racing is fashionable and can still grow in popularity as auto racing continues to measure on!

Making Your Auto Parts Last

Making Your Auto Parts Last

Auto repairs are sometimes invariably going to be expensive regardless of how you slice that pie that you've got been given, but the best thing regarding fixing your automobile currently is that you've got done yet one more auto repair that won't need to be done in the long run. It's terribly unfortunate, though, that automobiles aren't created to last although the high prices we get them are merely outrageous. Nevertheless, all of the auto elements within a car usually fail within five to 10 years, and it's usually necessary to embark on the journey of replacing every single thing beneath the hood of the automotive, all apart from the engine and motor. Nevertheless, though, there are some definite ways in which to stay your auto parts operating smooth once they're beneath the hood of the automobile, and it only takes a very little bit of care to work out it through.

Preventive Maintenance

The 1st factor that one ought to realize about the auto elements in their car is that they are all like lovely voices that mesh along so as to sing the most stunning song on earth. If one in all the voices, or auto parts, is out of tune then chances are that the whole song will be tousled. If one thinks concerning the auto components in this way, though, chances are that she can have more luck when looking after the car. Preventative maintenance is the key, though, and one issue that many folks are oblivious to is that the oil in a automotive needs to be changed every 3,00zero miles or ever three months. While this is often one in all the essential lessons that ought to be learned, one could be stunned to find out that there are thousands of people who don't have any clue.

By virtue of being in the automotive, the oil is supposed to lubricate all the auto components within the automobile thus that they can last longer, run smoother, and be a lot of efficient. There are plenty of ways to form certain that the oil is changed each 3 months, but the greatest method is to have a sticker placed on the within of your windshield, which is what most oil-changing establishments sometimes do anyway.

Tune-Ups are the best

Another way that you'll keep your car and the auto elements within your car in tip-prime shape is by obtaining your automobile a tune-up every once in a very while. Just waiting till the last minute when your automobile does not start anymore isn't the best term to wait. But by getting a tune-up at least once per year you're guaranteeing that your auto elements are kept in the most effective condition potential. Just remember that when one in all the auto elements is acting out then probabilities are that there can be strains on the other auto components within the automotive, too!

Another way to make sure the auto components in your automotive last for a lifetime is to test on them often, too. If you know what auto components you've got personally changed throughout the lifetime of the car then it could be easier for you to do this. Nevertheless, though, looking beneath the hood of the automobile never hurt anything, that is why it ought to be done virtually every week to look for anything strange or suspicious that has to house the auto parts of the automotive.

All in all, though, these are all ways in which to make sure that vehicles run the fastest and are kept in smart condition. By checking on and keeping tabs with the auto components among the full car, one will undoubtedly make sure that they spot something wrong with the car immediately instead of choosing to attend till the last minute to fix the problem!

Recycling Your Old Auto Parts

Recycling Your Old Auto Parts

Looking for a artistic method to getting rid of your previous auto elements? Instead of simply selling the auto elements that you just currently have stored in your basement or garage then there are far more ways that than one that you can use to urge rid of or recycle them. When all, recycling your auto parts, or anything which will be recycled for that matter, is often a noble endeavor, but it simply takes a little bit of knowledge of where to really recycle your auto parts to in order to try to to it. If you need to recycle your auto elements, though, in some means, here are some suggestions of what you'll do.

Contact a Junk Yard or City Service

The city recycling service might or could not recycle your old auto elements. If they are doing then you'll have to set them out at your curb on a selected day of the month or week, or you will have to really transport the auto elements to a selected city warehouse where they'll be accounted for. Whatever the price, though, having a town service take control of your auto components is a very sensible factor to try to to as a result of they will be reduced and melted all the way down to their original substance and then transformed into one thing else. Recycling is often an choice, however it is additionally very smart for the surroundings to think about collaborating in.

Another method that you'll have your auto parts recycled is by contacting a junk yard to have them haul them off from your house or your garage. The junk yard service may or may not be ready to convey you a little compensation although they can more than doubtless turn around to sell the auto elements that they get, however you'll be assured that they can be recycled. Recycling your auto elements in this approach could be a sensible plan because others who are desperately in want of specific auto elements usually call junk yards first to determine whether or not or not they'll buy the half that they wish.

Produce a work of Art

This may not be up on your list of the high things that you wish to get accomplished, but an choice to recycle your previous auto parts is truly using them to make a piece of art. If you've got continuously needed to create a robot then here's your probability to create one. On the opposite hand, you'll simply produce a collage or abstract murals. Furthermore, after you produce the piece of art from your recent auto parts then you're also ready to sell everything that you make on eBay or different auction websites. One might be actually quite surprised at the type of things that individuals will sell on the net, and there's undoubtedly nothing stopping you from selling the work of art that you created out of recycled auto components on the internet. This is not solely a sensible means to place those auto parts to use, however it ought to also create you some cold onerous money.

Both of those ways in which are great ideas if you actually need to recycle the old auto elements that are currently being stored in your garage or house. Many individuals don't realize all the items that they'll do with the kind of junk that they have already got sitting around the house, and recent auto parts are just another half of the story where people simply do nothing whenever they have a conglomeration or assortment of them gathering dust in the basement, garage, or house!

The Danger Of Buying Used Auto Parts

The Danger Of Buying Used Auto Parts

When it comes to wanting for automobile parts, there are plenty of ways in which someone can arrive at the components that they have. However, some of the ways that are authentic and clean cut. However on the opposite hand, some of the ways that auto parts are obtained are downright dangerous. One example of this can be buying used auto parts from a junk yard, salvage yard, or auto repair look. All of these places usually sell used auto elements that may be used for varied things when repairing your automobile. What's even more scary, though, is the fact that automobile outlets generally put used auto components during a car that is visiting be repaired, too, simply so as to avoid wasting the auto repair place a little bit of money. But here are a number of the risks of shopping for used auto parts if you are not acquainted with them.

1. The History
When buying anything that's used you rarely recognize the history of the product. The same holds true for auto parts, unfortunately. Consider that when you buy auto elements from a junk yard you rarely grasp if that half has been through an auto accident and may be a smart enough piece to place on your car. Even though most of the auto components that may be obtained through a junk or salvage yard are purchased at your own risk and without a warranty, there are some major risks related to doing so.

2. Too Unreliable

As mentioned, used auto components will also be purchased from auto repair shops. The reality at most auto repair outlets is that the used auto elements that are there are typically kept in one giant pile in the rear of the repair search. If you buy a second user alternator from the repair search then how would you know if it'll last? It is very doable that the auto components that are purchased from a repair search are not any smart, or else if they're halfway decent auto parts they may simply break down the subsequent week. The auto parts that may be obtained through an auto repair look or a salvage yard are simply too unreliable to justify shopping for. Of course, you may very well be offered a refund or exchange if this were to happen, but the best thing would be to stay off from used auto parts altogether.

3. Getting Ripped Off

Another chance, and maybe the best one, is the actual fact that you are forever ready to be ripped off when buying used auto elements. Even if you don't buy the used auto components through a repair look or a junk yard, if you do obtain used auto parts through a non-public dealer then you mostly run the danger of getting downright ripped off. What is even a lot of discomforting is the actual fact that you will never even be ready to induce a hold of the person ever once more, too.

In the end, it very does not matter whether or not the part extremely will work or not. The fact of the matter is that buying used auto parts is just downright risky and dangerous. Even though lots of people interact during this observe daily, used auto parts should be discouraged!

Why Auto Parts Stores Can Never Move Out Of Business

Why Auto Parts Stores Can Never Move Out Of Business

If you've got ever needed to start out your own business, have you ever ever considered beginning an auto elements stores. Even though you'll never have thought-about it before, there are actually terribly few chain auto parts retail stores on the market that would be competing with you. However why not begin your own auto components store? In reality, starting up one of those sorts of businesses is simply like several different retail store that might be set up. But the amount one reason why a person ought to choose to setup an auto components store of their own is as a result of they will never go out of companies. There are many reasons for that, too, and here are some things to contemplate:

Individuals & Cars Can Never Change

The simplest reason to line up an auto parts store is that there can perpetually be plenty of people who are addicted to automobiles to induce to work, college, and use as transportation throughout the day. Automobiles appears like they are not going anywhere, that is why auto components will always be required. People can always want to shop for first-hand, when-market auto elements so as to fix their cars. The retail stores that are founded to do this, like AutoZone or NAPA; do have a sensible business for themselves within the foreseeable future so as to require care of cars and folks.

Less Competition

Another reason that you will have to set up your auto parts store is that there's typically less competition within the auto parts industry. Think about: how many auto elements stores do you recognize of that are set up in your town or town? Chances are that there aren't much more than the amount of fingers that you have got on one hand. This ultimately suggests that that there is still a marketplace for an auto components store where you reside. One should not underestimate the power of not having terribly abundant competition. All one has to do is founded an auto components store, together with something different that not another one is offering, and customers can automatically be drawn to you.

Additional Experience

Auto parts stores are stores that can be founded whether you have any expertise in the business or not. However, many customers go walk into auto elements stores typically have queries regarding their automobiles and auto elements that they believe the clerk at the desk will recognize how to answer. If you'd like to line up your own auto components stores then the most effective idea would be to have some experience within the business before you even begin. This could take reading heaps of automobile magazines and research materials, but you may be a lot better off for it in the long run when serving to customers.

All in all, auto parts stores are some of the best stores that one could ever set up. There's generally less competition among the chain retail stores within the business and everybody knows that humans can want auto parts well into the longer term of humanity. There's no better time to line up an auto parts store, but all it takes is a very little data and determination to do so!

Finding Antique Auto Parts

Finding Antique Auto Parts

There are thousands of folks within the auto trade who are antique automobile buffs and there are literally many reasons to get concerned with collecting antique cars. Not solely are antique cars price a reasonably penny if they are in pristine condition, however they're additionally hot collector's things if they run and meet sure criteria. Furthermore, several folks love collecting antique cars because they like to restore them to their original condition; but, several times this requires some auto components that are required for numerous systems throughout the automobile.

On the other hand, if you or somebody you recognize has ever tried to urge their hands on some antique auto components then you already know how a lot of of a pain they can be to seek out. Indeed, the explanation that antique auto parts are very hard to search out is because normal auto parts retail stores not often carry them or something else that's connected to antique cars. The main reason for this can be that there's very very little profit in doing therefore, except from the antique automobile collectors themselves.

So as to find antique auto components, many people are forced to search high and low for these a lot of wanted parts. These auto components are definitely needed, though, so as to revive an antique automobile to its original condition. But, one suggestion to seek out these antique auto elements is to raise around through connections that are solid and acquaintances that are met through antique automobile shows. Most individuals, particularly antique automotive house owners, will be additional than happy to divulge the data since there's no profit in hiding the data and keeping it a secret.

Another suggestion that one has to search out antique auto elements is that the resources on the World Wide Internet. There are several specialty teams that can be found on-line and one of these groups is dedicated to antique auto parts. You will be very surprised to search out out that there are a nice deal of antique car owners that are located on the internet for the only real purpose of connecting with different antique car owners and to start up antique automotive groups throughout the entire United States. Within these antique automobile teams on the web, though, there's certain to be some antique auto components resources that one is able to use in order to help restore their antique automotive they're operating on.

On the other hand, its terribly possible that the antique auto half that you're trying for is now not out there and there's nobody that's carrying the part anymore. If this situation arises then the terribly next best issue to try to to would be to create modifications and changes to the antique auto parts that you'll find that will nearly do the trick.

All in all, although some antique auto elements are very arduous to find, there are always going to be choices and alternatives out there instead of the antique auto components themselves. Even though it could be tough to know the notion that no part is accessible anywhere, life should persist and the restoration of the antique automobile should continue if one is to succeed with the goal of getting it back to pristine and working condition!

Building an Auto Parts Business

Building an Auto Parts Business

When one starts any kind of business she needs to think not solely concerning the ramifications and consequences of doing thus, however also regarding the main half of the business set up that he or she will be sticking to. The same goes if you'd like to start an auto components business, and there are a number of dilemmas and choices that you will run into along the means that you'll have to consider and build. However, starting an auto elements business doesn't should be that massive of a job, particularly if one already knows a very little bit regarding the business in the first place. It's terribly true that starting up an auto elements business can be a terribly lucrative business chance, however it may be a little difficult if she or he has no experience with cars whatsoever. Nevertheless, here are some important pointers to remember about starting this sort of a business:

#1: Keep a listing

This is not Christmastime and one should probably check this list over a lot of than twice, but keeping a list of the auto parts that one has in stock in their warehouse is completely crucial during this sort of a business. Several individuals sometimes turn to third-party stores that carry the varieties of auto components that they need. A few examples of these sorts of stores are AutoZone, NAPA, as well as varied other hardware stores which will be found. You will bet that all of these corporations have lists that they started in order to stay track of the auto parts that they're selling and those that they're also stocking. Although it's not necessary to jot down this kind of a list down by hand, it's positively worthwhile to stay everything in a database on a computer's laborious drive thus that it can perpetually be simply accessible.

#2: Memorize Your Auto Parts
There are customers who can return in your store sometimes who don't have any plan what they are looking for. On the other hand, someone might apprehend the task that they wish to try and do to their car, but won't have a clue on what auto parts that they will want to get the work done. This is where memorization comes in. You may wish to memorize that auto elements that you simply currently have, however you may additionally wish to know which auto elements are required for that sorts of repair jobs therefore that you will be more valuable to your customers.

#3: Stock more than simply Auto Elements
A third thing that one should take upon themselves to try to to is to stock additional than simply auto parts in their business. Even though the majority of the time there will be people who can be real fast at choosing the parts that they need, there are continuously those that can browse the entire store and see what you've got for sale. Business house owners can actually increase their profit if they plan to sell additional things than simply auto components.

All of those items of advice are wonderful for beginning an auto components business and there is nothing in the planet that can stop you from succeeding. Even though there are a number of chain stores throughout the United States that already have an auto components retail store, there can always be space for simply yet one more!

Auto Parts Of The Future

Auto Parts of the Future

If you have got ever worked under the hood of a car then chances are that you recognize the work can be dirty, confusing, and downright sophisticated. Unfortunately, operating on cars has invariably been a specialty area of individuals, which is why many people opt for to require their cars to a repair search that they recognize regarding. However the most reason that vehicles are thus dirty and difficult is due to the auto elements that are within. Indeed, there are probably over 100 intricate auto elements just underneath the hood of the car, and connecting them together in some approach simply makes the entire maze all that much more troublesome. If you think that that the auto elements business will ever amendment, though, and us humans will have less to worry regarding the auto elements that we obtain, then it simply could be doable. Here are some ideas to turn in your head regarding the auto components that you're managing right now that would have a profound have an effect on in your future:

Fewer Pieces
It may be terribly doable that the vehicles that we have a tendency to accommodate in the longer term might have fewer items and auto elements to accommodate than the vehicles that we currently have to deal with. Let's face it: time equals cash to most individuals, and most people dislike having to take their automobile to an auto repair look or work countless hours on fixing one tiny drawback inside a number of the tiniest auto parts attainable. The longer term of cars is certainly changing, though, and perhaps automobile manufacturers can make it thus that the average person can have less to deal with when managing their auto elements.

Reliable Auto Parts
It may be too much of a good thing to ask for, however it's terribly attainable that the cars of the future might have more reliable auto parts placed in them. The current situation sometimes is that numerous auto parts among the car would like to get replaced among 5 to seven years, but the automobiles that are currently being worked on for future production might have styles that permit them to stay their potency and be less dependent on the auto elements that they need to run. This might conjointly just be wishful thinking, however we have a tendency to'll eventually be ready to search out out!

No Additional Components

Another option for the cars of the future is the aptitude of having no a lot of auto elements among the actual cars themselves. There already are concept cars in production that have all the vital engine parts beneath the car in one small box, therefore it could be entirely doable that a lot of of the auto components that are currently required to run a automotive simply might disappear with the cars of the longer term. In this method, nobody would ever want to fret about replacing or fixing auto components ever again!

All in all, though, there are many potential things that could amendment the means that auto elements are looked at well into the long run. Even though it may be nice to think about, though, the straightforward truth of the matter is that we won't recognize until that point comes and it's all speculation right currently regarding the auto elements we tend to house right now.

Auto Parts for Necessary Repairs

Auto Parts for Necessary Repairs

Repairing your automobile can continually cause sure headaches that are simply not required. Even though there are skilled automobile repair shops that will help you repair your car, they will also charge a reasonably penny for the work that they are doing. In truth, as a rule the worth that individuals get hold of automobile repairs in professional retailers does not return from the auto elements themselves, but is that the labor charges that have to be paid. One great alternative to skilled automobile services that repair your automobile is to try to to it yourself. There are thousands of people who dislike taking their automotive to auto retailers, which is the main reason that they are doing most of their repairs themselves. On the other hand, if you do not mind getting a very little dirty there are always simple options of repairing your automobile yourself. Here are a number of the additional common jobs that need to be done now and again and the auto components that you'll would like for them.

Changing Your Brakes

This may be a project that typically has to be done at least every other year. Of course, it depends totally on the kind of automobile you have and how previous the car is that you're driving. But brakes get worn down just as any of the opposite auto components do, and they have changing once in a while. Before you begin out on the journey to alter your brakes, the first factor that you may would like is the equipment. However how a lot of do you would like to vary? Many individuals simply assume that they will need solely the brake pads; however, it is important to think about how long one has been driving with their brakes worn down in the first place.

For a total brake modification, the auto elements that one goes to wish are the brake pads, discs, and calipers. Depending on whether or not the rotors are worn down additionally, you will would like those. Conjointly, most cars come back with a group of brake shoe sets that you will would like to switch with everything else on the list of auto components that you'll would like.

Changing Oil and Fuel Filters

This could be a whole other totally different job in itself and needs a different set of auto components. Many professional auto repair retailers will charge regarding $thirty to perform an oil and oil filter amendment, and a fuel filter amendment costs concerning $50. But, one can do these jobs easily and simply by themselves with only paying for the auto components. In order to vary the oil filter the only factor that should be done is to shop for the oil filter itself, which typically solely costs around $five.0zero, and amendment it while you're underneath the automotive changing your oil. On the opposite hand, the fuel filter is a very little bit more expensive and the method is sort of totally different as a result of it truly sometimes involves starting up one in every of the wheels, however one solely needs to pay money for the auto components that she will would like, that is merely the fuel filter itself.

There are plenty of different straightforward repair procedures that may be done all by yourself. It's undoubtedly not necessary to quickly run to an auto shop every time that every very little issue desires to be done. By doing the work by yourself you not solely save the value of labor, but you furthermore may only would like to get hold of the auto components that you utilize!

Jaguar 2012 XK

Jaguar 2012 XK

Jaguar is already getting ready the subsequent generation XK sports coupe and convertible, however before that the company has given the present generation a final touch with a replacement facelift version of the XK. The refreshed model comes with dramatic design enhancements and new choice packages emphasizing luxury and sporting personality. The face-lifted XK and the 550 HP XKR-S made their North American debut at the 2011 New york Auto Show.

For 2012, the XK has received unique styling attributes, as well as a larger grille and new bumper style, a revised rear with slimmer chrome trim, a new set of wheels, and new exterior colours. For the inside, Jaguar is providing new trim materials including ebony soft-feel paint for the switches, gloss black finish for the center console, phosphor blue halo illumination and ambient lighting.

No changes were created underneath the hood so we have a tendency to are still looking at the same five.zero-liter AJ-V8 engine as this XK model.

For 2012, the Jaguar XK has received new front headlamps with incorporated LED turn signal function and running lights with a particular "J-Blade" signature. The facelift additionally includes a bigger grille and a replacement front bumper. For the XK-R version, the chrome mesh grille has been replaced with black details.

The front fenders have been moved from vertical to horizontal, whereas the rear decklid has been revised with a slimmer chrome trim. All of the exterior components will be offered with four new exterior colors and a brand new range of alloy wheels, size 19" to 20".

The XK-R version has conjointly received a "Black Pack" choice that replaces the exterior chrome with a gloss black finish. This is then complemented by 20-in. gloss black alloy wheels and body coloured aerodynamic enhancements.

For the interior, Jaguar is offering new trim materials including ebony soft-feel paint for the switches, gloss black end for the middle console, and phosphor blue halo illumination and ambient lighting. Customers can also receive new color combinations and new headliner choices.

Just like with the 2012 Jaguar XF, the 2012 XK can return with a try of engine choices for both the coupe and convertible versions of the sports car.

The initial offering may be a 5.zero-liter V8 engine that produces 385 horsepower and 380 lb/ft of torque with a zero-62 mph time of 5.five seconds and an electronically limited prime speed of 15five mph.

Then there’s the 5.zero-liter supercharged V8 engine that delivers 510 horsepower and 461 lb/ft of torque. This particular engine trim will internet you a zero-sixty two mph time of four.eight seconds and an electronically limited prime speed of fifteen5 mph.

Despite carrying the identical two powertrain options for the coupe and convertible versions of the XK, the latter was priced a very little higher as a result of of obvious reasons.

For the 5.0-liter V8 version, the worth for the coupe hits starts £65,000 ($105,000) whereas the convertible carries a £71,000 ($114,600) sticker.

As for the 5.0-liter supercharged version, the XK Coupe comes with a price of £78,550 ($127,000) whereas the XK Convertible can cost you a a lot of expensive £84,550 ($136,500).
 

Jaguar 2012 XK

 Jaguar 2012 XK

Jaguar 2012 XK

 Jaguar 2012 XK

Jaguar 2012 XJ

Jaguar 2012 XJ

The original XJ was the last automobile designed by Jaguar founder Sir William Lyons and the newest car to wear the nameplate is as innovative, lovely and fascinating as its famous forebear.

Revolutionary, not evolutionary, the Jaguar XJ is actually a product of the twenty first century and is the clearest indication however of the singular sense of purpose behind Design Director Ian Callum's vision for the long run of Jaguar.

The unique full-length panoramic glass roof that floods the cabin with natural lightweight allows the Jaguar XJ to supply an unrivalled sense of spaciousness and occasion for driver and passengers and at the same time retain the sleek coupé-like profile and lithe stance for which Jaguars are famous.

Lightweight aluminium architecture

The mould- breaking styling is matched by similarly impressive construction techniques pioneered by Jaguar. The lightweight aluminium structure - 50 p.c of which is made from recycled materials - offers improved fuel consumption and reduced emissions. In conjunction with a lifecycle approach to design and manufacture this allows the Jaguar XJ to minimise its carbon footprint.

The weight saved by the use of aluminium - a mean of 150kg compared to its rivals - also has edges for performance and agility and is complemented by the foremost advanced, powerful and economical Jaguar powertrains ever. The choice of engines has been enlarged for the 2012 range with the fitment of a three.zero-litre V6 petrol engine (market specific). All engines are coupled to a shift-by-wire, six-speed automatic transmission controlled by the JaguarDrive Selector or steering wheel-mounted paddles.
Modern cabin

The cabin of the Jaguar XJ blends elegant, modern style with the comfort, luxury and unmistakable sporting vogue of a Jaguar. Chrome and piano black detailing provides an eye catching distinction to the beautifully-crafted leather and wood veneer surfaces. Both standard and long-wheelbase models are offered, for a fair a lot of sumptuous and refined experience for rear seat passengers.

Advanced new technology has allowed Jaguar's interior designers to make an atmosphere more adore a state-of-the-art living space than a automotive cabin. Stunning twelve.three-inch high-definition virtual instruments complement an innovative Dual-view 8-in. Touch-screen that permits the passenger to view DVD movies or TV programmes whereas the driver is provided with vehicle functions or satellite-navigation directions.

Premium surround sound options embrace the high-of-the-range 1200W Bowers & Wilkins system that is comparable in audio quality to the simplest in-home entertainment. Advanced infotainment features conjointly include laborious-drive primarily based audio and navigation systems and comprehensive connectivity for moveable audio and video devices via the powerful Media Hub.

2012 enhancements

Subtle enhancements to the cabin are currently out there for the 2012 XJ range to permit larger personalisation and adaptability of use. A brand new Rear Comfort Pack offers seats that currently feature electric adjustment of the backrest recline angle, four-way lumbar support and a massage function. Increased comfort is also provided by new winged headrests, footrests and the ability for the front passenger seat to be stowed away forwards when unoccupied to extend legroom even any.

On the long-wheelbase Portfolio derivative a new 'Executive Pack' transforms the rear of the Jaguar XJ into a high-speed mobile office area with the provision of fold-down laptop trays and an electric rear sunblind for increased privacy. The package also includes upgraded carpeting, combination wood and leather steering wheel, gloss wood veneer decisions and chrome mirror housings.

Jaguar has always listened closely to customer feedback and within the case of the Jaguar XJ, this has led to a replacement interior color combination. Obtainable with the Premium Luxury and Portfolio trim levels the Jet/Ivory possibility options ivory seating with contrast jet stitching, piping and higher surfaces while the headlining is offered in either colour, in line with customer preference.

All Jaguar XJ variants are now accessible with an Illumination Package derived from that offered as commonplace on the Supersport model. This comprises illuminated treadplates, boot latch and back and front air vents.

"An XJ ought to be the ultimate in comfort, design and refinement. The bespoke interior changes we have a tendency to have incorporated for the 2012 model build it a good more special car to drive or be driven in." Ian Callum, Style Director, Jaguar Cars

 Jaguar 2012 XJ

 Jaguar 2012 XJ

 Jaguar 2012 XJ

 Jaguar 2012 XJ

 Jaguar 2012 XJ

Jaguar 2012 XJ

Jaguar 2012 XF

Jaguar 2012 XF

A saloon with the soul of a Jaguar sports car, the XF has won accolades and enthusiastic fans across the world for its dynamic abilities and dramatic appearance. Advances in lighting technology have allowed the new 2012 Jaguar XF model range to adopt the daring Jaguar style language introduced on the flagship XJ saloon.

Sheetmetal revisions to the grille, bonnet and front wings incorporating new triangular facet vents provide the car a a lot of muscular, purposeful look. The range-topping XFR receives its own distinctive, overtly assertive design to underline its performance potential whereas another 'Aerodynamic' possibility is available on all different derivatives for a complete of 3 dramatically different styling choices.

The headlamps now incorporate bi-function HID xenon technology that allows them to be much slimmer and a lot of compact whereas still providing outstanding beam resolution. They conjointly incorporate LED daytime running lights organized in an exceedingly distinctive Jaguar 'J-Blade' signature pattern for immediate recognition.

The hind lights are entirely renewed and now extend onto the central portion of the boot lid. These new units are now full-LED for stop, light and indicator functions and offer the Jaguar XF a distinctive night-time rear signature. Separating them could be a revised boot lid finisher with a gloss black lower edge for a cleaner appearance. The boot conjointly features power closure on all models.
3 new paint colours and an expanded alloy wheel selection ranging from 17 to 20-in. provide the finishing touches to the revised styling.

'The XF has rightly been recognised as a quintessential Jaguar saloon. It is purposeful however elegant, with inherent sporting intent in its style. For the newest version we are in a position to evolve and enhance that performance character to form the XF the most visually dynamic car in its class." Ian Callum, Design Director, Jaguar Cars

Jaguar XF Powertrain and Dynamics

Key among the enhancements to Jaguar XF is that the introduction of the 2.two-litre AJ-i4D turbodiesel engine. The unit features low-friction pistons and a water-cooled turbocharger to increase efficiency plus active engine mounts and modifications to the sump and block to cut back NVH levels. The result's not only Jaguar's most fuel-economical engine ever, but one which offers levels of refinement on a par with the previously-fitted two.7-litre V6 diesel and every one the performance expected of a Jaguar sports saloon. Further refinement is assured on all models by the employment of further acoustic shielding and the utilization of computational fluid dynamics to smooth exterior airflow.

Power output is 190PS with an impressive torque figure of 450Nm to produce the muscular performance expected of a Jaguar. Reaching 60mph in eight.zero seconds, the automobile can persist to attain a top speed of 140mph. Nevertheless the unit still manages 52.3mpg on the EU combined cycle - creating it the most economical Jaguar ever - and emits simply 149g/km of CO2 and is Euro Stage V compliant.

New eight-speed automatic

The engine is perfectly complemented by the all-new 8-speed ZF automatic gearbox. Specifically adapted by our engineers for its 1st-time application in a Jaguar, the transmission offers a bunch of advantages as well as both improved acceleration and economy. Gearchanges are completed in just 200 milliseconds - four times faster than the average human resting heartbeat - while driver control is enhanced by the ability to perform multiple downshifts using the paddleshift technology. The use of light-weight materials ensures the weight remains the identical because the previous six-speed transmission, while improved pump design and kit control elements increase efficiency. Standard on all Jaguar XF diesel models, it reduces the CO2 emissions of the 3.zero-litre V6 to 169g/km and improves fuel consumption to forty four.8mpg.

Intelligent Stop/Start

Also making its debut with the 2.a pair of-litre diesel engine is Jaguar's new Intelligent Stop/Start system, the first time this technology has been seen in a very premium diesel saloon. This automatically shuts down the engine in just 300 milliseconds when the automobile involves rest, so as to boost fuel economy and CO2 emissions by between five and seven percent.

No driver intervention is important, with the engine management software analysing a host of advanced factors so as to decide when the engine will safely be stopped. A Tandem Solenoid Starter with an infatuated secondary battery instantly restarts the engine as the motive force's foot leaves the brake pedal, guaranteeing it's running optimally when the accelerator is pressed. In order to facilitate this method, the gearbox features Hydraulic Impulse Storage, which supplies oil pressure to actuate the shift components.

For the primary time, all diesel variants are also accessible with Jaguar's Adaptive Dynamics system, allowing the enthusiastic driver to relish the automobile's outstanding chassis control and discover the Jaguar XF's sporting soul.

Jaguar XF Interior

Whether experienced from the driving force or passenger seat, the cabin of the Jaguar XF could be a uniquely welcoming and trendy place in which to spend time, using high-end materials in a really up to date manner.

Continuing to feature such dramatic 'surprise and delight' elements because the Jaguar Drive Selector that rises from the centre console and air vents that rotate to their open position when the starter button is pressed, the Jaguar XF interior has conjointly received a comprehensive update.

New seats and instruments

Revised front and rear seats incorporate a 'hoop' feature on each squab and backrest that improves not only their look but additionally the support it offers by increasing the seat's profile. New hide colour mixtures, veneers and headlining choices increase the personalisation options accessible to buyers. All models benefit from a revision to the colour theme on the centre console, fascia and steering wheel where the 'Tungsten' end is replaced by a additional contemporary 'Aurora' theme.

The Jaguar XF incorporates a formidable amount of technology however in true Jaguar fashion it is integrated seamlessly into the operate of the car and controlled through a central seven-in. Bit-screen with a new polarising filter for better distinction viewing.

So as to reduce driver workload, further switches have been added below the Touch-screen to instantly switch between completely different functions whereas new graphics are based on those in Jaguar's flagship XJ. The main driver instrument cluster is currently a full-color TFT unit for greater resolution and clarity.

Cutting-edge technology

3 new audio systems are offered on the Jaguar XF, all of which represent a important upgrade on those previously out there. Heading this up is a 1200W, 17-speaker premium set-up, from British audio experts Bowers & Wilkins, that offers concert hall-like sound replica.

All audio systems can be specified with a arduous-drive based satellite navigation system that incorporates a 'virtual' CD multichanger allowing the owner to 'rip' ten CDs at a time into the automotive's memory storage and play them as if they were a physical music medium. The system additionally now offers a number of various choices for connecting MP3 players; 2 USB ports, one in every of which is iPod specific and Bluetooth connectivity that enables music to be streamed from a smartphone.

The majority of the automobile's functions can also be controlled from the driving force's seat by Jaguar's Interactive Voice functionality, that provides an intuitive interface for safe, hands-free operation.

 Jaguar 2012 XF

Jaguar 2012 XF

Jaguar 2012 XF

Jaguar 2012 XF

 Jaguar 2012 XF

Jaguar 2012 XF

Jeep 2012 Wrangler Unlimited

Jeep 2012 Wrangler Unlimited

Wrangler owners wave to every alternative. I had forgotten this until the first mile of driving our 2012 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited home from the dealer. Critics have known as me cynical and jaded, but I actually have to mention, there's something heart-warming and friendly regarding individuals constantly waving at you. And since there are lots of Wranglers out there (including 2 owned by my Auto Check coworkers’ spouses), Jeep drivers get waved at a lot.

They wave because Wranglers are totally different.

Few vehicles have changed thus little from their origins, not to mention share a common silhouette when seven decades. The basic style is iconic, recognized around the globe. It is the rare vehicle whose manufacturer intends (maybe even expects) owners to take it apart, and even provides places to store the bolts and hardware when you attain the roof and the doors. The carpet comes out, too, so you can hose out the interior once off-roading. For many homeowners, Wranglers aren’t done after they purchase them from the dealer; the aftermarket is vast and wide because the terrain they were bred to travel.

However trendy Wranglers are often used as everyday transportation instead of path rats. For most buyers, they have to be a daily driver because Jeeps don’t return cheap when you begin dipping into the choices pool, as we tend to were recently reminded.

We tend to simply bought a relatively well-equipped 2012 Unlimited Sahara, and it took a ton of diligent dealer looking to seek out one while not a navigation system. Still, our Jeep stickered at $thirty six,340, and it’s not hard to approach $forty,000. Compare that worth to the $thirty,735 for our 2007 Wrangler Unlimited Sahara test model—or what different civilized crossover SUVs are on the market for that coin.

Half of reason for that hefty value is that our Wrangler has options that were unimaginable in an exceedingly Wrangler even four years ago. Power heated mirrors! Heated seats! iPod control and Bluetooth! Automatic climate management! Remote start! We conjointly bought twin laborious and soft tops, an automatic transmission, front aspect air bags, a restricted-slip rear differential, and a towing package. Daresay, it is turning into downright civilized.

Whereas Wranglers may have modified very little in concept, recent years brought huge changes in execution. The biggest news for 2012 is that the addition of the completely modern three.half-dozen-liter V6 and a five-speed automatic. This could be a huge improvement from the recent three.8-liter (best known from Chrysler minivan fame) and 4-speed automatic. The significant four-door Wrangler will currently easily get out of its own approach. Continual tweaks have also improved match and end and reduced noise.

Still, there’s no escaping some inherent problems. Access and visibility are lousy. Forget regarding a luxurious ride. Wind noise round the boxy body builds with speed. And for anyone used to driving a fashionable, nimble automobile or SUV, the Wrangler’s handling is one thing entirely completely different. All of this will simply add up to a love/hate relationship.

We tend to’ll see how abundant the Wrangler has improved as we tend to rack up a lot of miles and totally test it here at the track. Until then, wave if you see us. 

Jeep 2012 Wrangler Unlimited

Jeep 2012 Wrangler Unlimited

 Jeep 2012 Wrangler Unlimited

 Jeep 2012 Wrangler Unlimited

 Jeep 2012 Wrangler Unlimited

Jeep 2012 Wrangler

Jeep introduces the all-new three.vi-liter Pentastar V-vi petrol engine that can be equipped on the 2012 Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Wrangler Unlimited. three.6-liter V-half dozen powertrain provides a lot of fuel efficiency, improved on-road driving dynamics and refinement, a lot of power and a lot of torque. Petrol powertrain currently adds upgraded automatic transmission for refined shifting and bigger performance. Dramatically improved on-road performance combines with even additional off-road prowess. New petrol engine joins 2.8-liter turbo diesel engine for European lineup.

In Europe, the all-new 3.vi-liter petrol powertrain will be introduced on Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sport, Sahara and Rubicon trim levels beginning November 2011.

three.half-dozen-liter Pentastar V-half dozen Engine

Compact and lightweight, the all-aluminum three.half-dozen-liter Pentastar V-vi engine is a lot of than 40 kg (ninety lbs) lighter than the previous 3.eight-liter V-6 engine that was constructed with a solid-iron block. The Pentastar engine is extraordinarily quiet, created with a high-pressure, die-solid aluminum block fitted with cast-iron bore liners and aluminum cylinder heads. The engine also has been designed to satisfy all known future worldwide emission standards and is currently Euro five certified.

The 3.6-liter V-6 engine is manufactured at the Trenton engine plant in Michigan (USA).

Transmissions

The A580 automatic transmission benefits Jeep Wrangler as much because the new petrol engine, with additional refined shifting and equipment choice. By increasing the number of speeds, the transmission permits the engine to control in a more efficient RPM vary, which helps increase fuel economy. Additional speeds conjointly enable the engine to remain within the torque curve, increasing acceleration. The new Wrangler (2-door) boasts a 37-percent improvement in 0 - one hundred km/h time, which is now eight.one seconds. Also, a lower first-gear ratio within the new automatic transmission offers the Wrangler a lot of off-road capability via a lower overall crawl ratio.
Electronic Range Select is commonplace for all automatic-equipped Jeep Wrangler models. The electronic stability control (ESC) additionally has been optimized to perform effortlessly with the new 3.half-dozen-liter V-6 engine.

Along with the proven NSG 370 six-speed manual transmission, designed for the latest Jeep Wrangler are a brand new clutch housing, flywheel and long-travel damper clutch. The enhancements are a result of the adaptation of the transmission to the three.half-dozen-liter V-half-dozen engine.

The five-speed automatic transmission is produced in Kokomo, Indiana (ITP2), and also the six-speed manual transmission is created in Gaggenau, Germany.

Engineering

Jeep Wrangler delivers unmatched off-road capability with legendary four-wheel drive and is produced with more than seven decades of 4x4 engineering expertise behind it. Wrangler continues to supply a body-on-frame style, front and rear 5-link suspension system, live axles and electronic lockers.

Jeep Wrangler currently offers a alternative of 2 transmissions: a six-speed manual and a 5-speed automatic gearbox.

Along with a new powertrain, Jeep engineers have thoroughly optimized ride and sound characteristics of the Jeep Wrangler's body-on-frame style. New motor and transmission diversifications and revised suspension calibrations contribute to overall improvements that are immediately evident both on- and off-road.

The interior sound quality is greatly improved through refinements within the powertrain mounting system, noise damping in the firewall and the inclusion of the primary Jeep Wrangler engine cowl to effectively isolate the cabin from noises emulating from the engine and road surfaces.

On the skin, engine noise is barely perceptible at idle. With the new three.half dozen-liter V-six engine, all accessories are mounted directly to the engine with no accessory brackets. This helps guarantee that all accessories, including the facility steering pump, alternator and air con compressor, are anchored firmly and fewer vulnerable to vibration and noise.

Shocks have additionally been retuned and are designed for optimum balance between advanced on-road handling and rugged off-road capability.

Axles and Transfer Cases

The Jeep Wrangler is now on the market with a lot of axle gear ratios, allowing customers to optimize fuel economy and/or vehicle capability. Wrangler is accessible with three.twenty one, three.seventy three or four.ten ratios relying on model. Also, Jeep Wrangler offers towing capability up to a pair of,500 kg.

The capable driveline of the Sport and Sahara models includes a Dana thirty front axle and Dana forty four rear axle. The Command-Trac® NV241 half-time, 2-speed transfer case features a two.seventy two:one low-vary gear ratio.

The Rubicon model options heavy-duty Dana forty four front and rear axles and therefore the Rock-Trac® NV241 two-speed transfer case with a 4.0:1 low-vary gear ratio. Rubicon additionally includes electrical front and rear locking differentials and disconnecting front sway bar, taking Jeep Wrangler to the highest level of capability.

two.eight-liter CRD Engine

The all-new three.6-liter V-six engine joins the new a pair of.eight-liter turbo diesel engine with fuel-saving Stop/Start technology. The diesel engine provides power of two hundred hp DIN (147 kW), a 13-% improvement over the previous a pair of.eight-liter diesel engine. Torque for the engine comes in at 410 N•m (302 lb-ft) with its six-speed manual transmission and 460 N•m (339 lb-ft) with its 5-speed automatic transmission.

Jeep Wrangler's diesel engine, when paired with the manual transmission, incorporates Stop/Begin technology - the first application of this technology on a Chrysler Group vehicle. Stop/Begin improves fuel potency and reduces CO2 emissions by managing the number of your time the engine runs. With Stop/Begin, the engine is shut off when the vehicle is stopped, the shift gear is in Neutral and therefore the clutch is released. The engine then restarts automatically when the clutch pedal is depressed. Drivers can deactivate the technology via a button on the dashboard, and an icon displays in the instrument panel to point the Stop/Start status. 

Jeep 2012 Wrangler

 Jeep 2012 Wrangler

Jeep 2012 Wrangler

 Jeep 2012 Wrangler

Jeep 2012 Wrangler